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Joined 1 year ago
Cake day: June 27th, 2023
  • ziggurat@lemmy.worldtoScience Memes@mander.xyz•Little dude ATPEnglish
    26·
    4 days ago

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as the primary energy currency of the cell, enabling various biological processes. Here’s an explanation of how ATP works on a molecular level:

    Structure of ATP

    ATP is composed of three main components:

    1. Adenine: A nitrogenous base.

    2. Ribose: A five-carbon sugar molecule, which together with adenine forms adenosine.

    3. Three Phosphate Groups: Linked sequentially through high-energy bonds.

    Energy Storage and Release

    The key to ATP’s function lies in the high-energy bonds between its phosphate groups, particularly the bond between the second (beta) and third (gamma) phosphate groups.

    1. Hydrolysis of ATP:

    When ATP is hydrolyzed (reacts with water), it loses its terminal (gamma) phosphate group, releasing energy.

    The reaction is:

    ATP + H2O > ADP + Pi + Energy

    1. Energy Release:

    The hydrolysis of ATP releases about 30.5 kJ/mol (7.3 kcal/mol) of energy.

    This energy is used to perform cellular work, such as muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and chemical synthesis.

    Mechanism of ATP Utilization

    1. Phosphorylation:

    ATP transfers its phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation), making that molecule more reactive.

    This is often facilitated by enzymes known as kinases.

    1. Energy Coupling:

    Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions (reactions that require energy).

    For example, during muscle contraction, ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for the motor protein myosin to move along actin filaments.

    ATP Synthesis

    ATP is regenerated from ADP through cellular respiration, which consists of three main stages:

    1. Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

    2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Further breakdown of metabolic products, generating electron carriers (NADH and FADH2).

    3. Oxidative Phosphorylation:

    Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

    This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

    ATP Synthase Function

    ATP synthase is a complex enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and using the energy derived from the proton gradient.

    1. Proton Gradient: Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.

    2. Rotational Catalysis:

    The flow of protons causes the rotation of a part of ATP synthase.

    This mechanical energy drives the chemical synthesis of ATP from ADP and .

    In summary, ATP serves as a molecular battery, storing energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and releasing it upon hydrolysis to fuel various cellular activities. Its synthesis and utilization are tightly regulated processes essential for life.

  • ziggurat@lemmy.worldtoComic Strips@lemmy.world•God doesn't listen to Slayer!
    5·
    7 days ago

    You can do it! Did you beat hades once?

    Look up OP builds, use the Hera bow, and start with aprodite’s keepsake, and use aprodite’s cast with hera bow. This is the only required part for this build. Other than that Athena dash is always the best dash always always, until you find the game becomes easy. Poseidon attack with this build is suggested, but optional.

    In the mirror, focus on getting more death defiance, dashes and life regen. After that more health and the one that gives bonus damage if you have two curses on the enemy (you get one from aprodite’s cast, and one from poseidon attack + razor shoals boon)

    Use the same build over and over again and you will beat hades in a few tries.

    Learn the moves, when foes telegraph their attack, dash more. The hardest boss is the second to last boss. Won’t explain why, for sake of spoilers of you or someone else hasn’t gotten that far.

    You should use gold to buy max health, or healing more often. I bet you focus on buying boons first, you don’t need that with the build above

    When you first manage to beat hades, beat him like 9 times total i think to get the end credits. The prolog after the end credits has more story than before the end credits. Mainly give max amount of nectar to everyone to qualify for the big ending in the prolog

  • ziggurat@lemmy.worldtoComic Strips@lemmy.world•God doesn't listen to Slayer!
    7·
    7 days ago

    My favorite story now that Hades 2 the video game is in early access, is that Melenöe, Hades daughter, was conceived by Zeus disguised as Hades hitting up Persephone.

    They do skip details like this in the Hades games, also skip incest and inbreeding. They dont skip same gender relationships though, so at least there is some details that are retained